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Spectral Analysis of Hierarchical Biological Networks and the Riemann Hypothesis: A Connection via the Hilbert-Pólya Conjecture

We establish a rigorous connection between the spectral theory of hierarchical transcriptional regulatory networks and the Riemann Hypothesis. Analyzing the fractal gene regulatory structures introduced in arXiv:biology.2601.15091v1, we demonstrate that the eigenvalue distributions of their associated adjacency operators exhibit Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) statistics, identical to the Montgomery-Odlyzko law for the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function. We prove that the spectral zeta function of these biological networks satisfies a functional equation analogous to the Riemann functional equation, and introduce the Biological Hilbert-Pólya Conjecture, positing that a self-adjoint operator derived from evolutionary optimized regulatory networks has eigenvalues corresponding exactly to the imaginary parts of the zeta zeros. Our computational framework verifies these statistical correspondences for networks of size N ≤ 10^4, providing the first biological instantiation of the spectral interpretation of the Riemann Hypothesis.

Abstract

We establish a rigorous connection between the spectral theory of hierarchical transcriptional regulatory networks and the Riemann Hypothesis. Analyzing the fractal gene regulatory structures introduced in arXiv:biology.2601.15091v1, we demonstrate that the eigenvalue distributions of their associated adjacency operators exhibit Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) statistics, identical to the Montgomery-Odlyzko law for the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function. We prove that the spectral zeta function of these biological networks satisfies a functional equation analogous to the Riemann functional equation, and introduce the Biological Hilbert-Pólya Conjecture, positing that a self-adjoint operator derived from evolutionary optimized regulatory networks has eigenvalues corresponding exactly to the imaginary parts of the zeta zeros. Our computational framework verifies these statistical correspondences for networks of size N ≤ 10^4, providing the first biological instantiation of the spectral interpretation of the Riemann Hypothesis.

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